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・ Battle of Crooked Billet
・ Battle of Crooked River
・ Battle of Cimarron
・ Battle of Cingoli
・ Battle of Ciołków
・ Battle of Cirencester
・ Battle of Cirta
・ Battle of Cissa
・ Battle of Cisterna
・ Battle of Ciudad Juárez
・ Battle of Ciudad Juárez (1911)
・ Battle of Ciudad Juárez (1919)
・ Battle of Ciudad Real
・ Battle of Ciudad Universitaria
・ Battle of Civetot
Battle of Civitate
・ Battle of Cixi
・ Battle of Clachnaharry
・ Battle of Claremore Mound
・ Battle of Clark's House
・ Battle of Clark's Mill
・ Battle of Clastidium
・ Battle of Clausen
・ Battle of Clavijo
・ Battle of Clervaux
・ Battle of Clitheroe
・ Battle of Clontarf
・ Battle of Clontibret
・ Battle of Clos du Doubs
・ Battle of Cloughleagh


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Battle of Civitate : ウィキペディア英語版
Battle of Civitate

The Battle of Civitate (also known as Battle of Civitella del Fortore) was fought on 18 June 1053 in southern Italy, between the Normans, led by the Count of Apulia Humphrey of Hauteville, and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army, organised by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento. The Norman victory over the allied papal army marked the climax of a conflict between the Norman mercenaries who came to southern Italy in the eleventh century, the de Hauteville family, and the local Lombard princes. By 1059 the Normans would create an alliance with the papacy, which included a formal recognition by Pope Nicholas II of the Norman conquest in south Italy, investing Robert Guiscard as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and Count of Sicily.
==Background==


抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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